---

In this research, NTC thermistors with composition of NiMn_2-xCo_xO₄ (x = 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6) prepared by two methods: solid state reaction and sol-gel (gel-combustion). The average particle size was monitored and structure of the calcinated powders have been investigated using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and tunneling electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The average particle size was estimated to be about 65nm with the cubic and cubic + tetragonal phases for low and high cobalt concentrations, respectively. The grain size of samples verifies with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. Upon increasing the cobalt fraction, the grain size of samples increases from about 2μm to a few μm in size. The electrical properties of these thermistors depend on the grain size. The grain size of samples made from sol-gel is smaller than from solid state reaction under the same condition. For longer sintering time of the samples prepared by gel-combustion method, the grain size was increased then the electrical parameters of nanopowder improved and we obtain better results than the samples prepared from solid state reaction.

---

In the present investigation, manganese ferrite nanoparticles substituted by cadmium with Mn_1-xCd_xFe₂O₄ composition and substituted amount x=(0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5) were prepared by Sol-gel method. Pattern analysis of X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed ferrite single phase structure in all samples. The average crystal size was estimated from 17 to 22 nm. The chemical bonds and ferrite formation phase of samples were analyzed by Far-FTIR and FT-IR analyses. The prepared magnetic properties of nanoparticles were analyzed by Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) which shows that saturation magnetization changes by substitution of Cd²⁺  in manganese ferrite. These changes are formed by cation distribution among tetrahedral and octahedral sites and superexchange interaction decrease.