Showing 8 results for Retrograde
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Volume 16, Issue 2 (7-2008)
Abstract
The calcareous rocks in the Takht-e- Soleyman area (NW Iran) crop out in association with a variety of metamorphic rocks including amphibolites, granitic gneisses, pelitic schists and meta-ultramafic rocks. Retrogressive metamorphism of these rocks occurred during decompressional cooling during exhumation. Cummingtonite-bearing rocks resulted from retrogression of the calc-silicates in the area. Their dominant mineral assemblage is plagioclase + garnet + calcic – amphibole + ferromagnesian – amphibole + quartz + calcite ± titanite ± epidote. Calcic - and ferromagnesian - amphiboles were determined by petrographical observations and EMPA analysis. Hornblende and cummingtonite compositions dominate the analysed amphiboles. Formation of Ca-poor cummingtonite coexisting with calcite and calcic - hornblende in the retrograde calc - silicates of the Takht-e-Soleyman area is a rare petrological occurrence. Thermometric estimates using mineral compositions of cummingtonite co-existing with hornblende is in the range of 550 -600 ºC. Al in hornblende barometry yields a pressure of 6.5 ± 0.6 kbar, corresponding to medium pressure amphibolite facies.
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Volume 18, Issue 1 (4-2010)
Abstract
Mineralogical and geochemical investigations indicate two general stages of skarnification i.e, prograde and retrograde stages in the Mohammad-Abad district, south west of Yazd province. Metasomatic skarn (Prograde stage) occurred with precipitation of anhydrous calc-silicate mineral assemblages (andradite and diopside- hedenbergite) within the temperature ranges of 470 to 550 ºC. During the retrograde stage (<470 ºC) considerable amounts of anhydrous calc-silicates were altered and replaced by a series of hydrous calc-silicates (epidote, tremolite–actinolite). Finally, both anhydrous and hydrous calc-silicates were altered to fine aggregates of chlorite, calcite, quartz and clay minerals at temperatures lower than 300 ºC. The absence of wollastonite among the calc-silicate assemblages may suggest that andradite and hedenbergite were crystallized from metasomatizing fluids at lower than 550 ºC in the Mohammad-Abad skarn. The presence of intergrowth texture and non-replacive crystal boundaries between garnets and pyroxenes suggest that they were formed contemporaneously within the temperature and fO2 ranges of 430–550 ºC and 10-26–10-23, respectively. Andradite converted to quartz, calcite and magnetite below 470 ºC and fO2 = 10-24–10-21. Since, both magnetite and pyrite along with quartz and calcite are present in mineral assemblages of sub-stage III, it can be reasoned that the metasomatizing fluids probably had an approximate fS2 10-6.5 and a temperature of about 430 ºC.
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Volume 18, Issue 3 (10-2010)
Abstract
All samples of Shanderman eclogites contain amphibole. Epidote group minerals and chlorite formed during retrograde phases of metamorphism. Amphiboles show zoning with high FeO and Al2O3 content at the rims and high MgO in the cores in some samples. In these samples, the amphibole compositions vary from tremolitic hornblende to tschermakite and edenitic hornblende from core to rim, respectively. Amphibole inclusions in zoisite have similar composition to matrix amphiboles and show tremolitic hornblende nature. Epidotes include both zoisite and clinozoisite in all samples. They show zoning and have high Al2O3 content in the core and high FeO content at the rims. Pistasite content in the core is 0.09% and at the rim is 0.17%. Plagioclase is enriched in Na and is almost in the pure albite endmember. Chlorites are MgO rich and are of Repidolite and Brunsvigite types. They show FeMg-1 and tschermakitic substitutions. Fe/Mg distribution coefficient among amphibole and chlorite for the cores of the minerals is around 0.5 and for the rims is 1. Thermobarometry of zoned amphiboles show that these minerals are grown from core to rim due to an increase in temperature and pressure.
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Volume 19, Issue 4 (1-2012)
Abstract
The Precambrian Takab complex consists of various metamorphic rocks including metabasites, metaultramafic rocks, calc-silicates and marbles which are metamorphosed under green schist to granulite facies. The pick metamorphic rocks are retrogressively metamorphosed during crustal exhumation related to pressure and temperature decreasing as well as H2O-rich fluid infiltrations. Retrograde metamorphism of the Ol-bearing marbles caused their transformation from granulite to amphibolite facies. Some mineralogical and textural evidence of retrograde metamorphism in the Takab dolomitic marbles are (a) appearance of low temperature and H2O-bearing phases such as tremolite, clinonochlore, (±) titanite and (±) epidote, (b) formation of tremolite+dolomite assemblages as pseudomorph after olivine and (c) titanite corona around ilmenite. The temperature and pressure of retrograde metamorphism are calculated by using mineral chemistry of the retrograde phases and the equilibria reactions at 650±25◦C and 6.5±0.5kbar, respectively. The estimated temperatures and pressures are consistent with the amphibolites facies. Due to lack of appropriate chemical composition, retrograde tremolite is the stable phase of Takab dolomitic marbles at the amphibolite facies. Retrograde clinochlore is appeared in the dolomitic marbles having Al2O3 impurities at the high temperature amphibolite facies.
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Volume 21, Issue 2 (7-2013)
Abstract
The study area is located at the Soghanchi village (east of Miyandoab city, NW of Iran). The Oligocene age Soghanchi stock is intruded into Permian carbonate rocks during Pyrenean orogenic epoch. Petrographically, the main minerals of this intrusive are plagioclase, biotites, pyroxenes, olivines, hornblendes, and alkali-feldspars. The microscopic and geochemical assessments of intrusive, show gabbro-dioritic, monzo-gabbroic and monzonitic composition with high potassic- calc-alkaline to shoshonitic and meta-aluminous characters. Based on this investigation, the Soghanchi pluton has formed in a continental arc setting. Intrusion of this stock into the Permian limestones, results in different degrees of recrystalization and skarnification. The Soghanchi calcic skarn is mainly composed of anhydrous calc-silicates, retrograde metasomatic products, some calcite, and quartz. Magnetite and minor hematite are the main metallic minerals in this area. Physco-chemical investigations showed 450-650oC for skarnification (prograde stages) and 400-450oC for retrograde metasomatic event and iron mineralization.
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Volume 23, Issue 1 (4-2015)
Abstract
Siah-Kamar hornfalses and skarns are located about 5Km east of Dehsalm and 85Km west of Nehbandan city, southeast of Birjand Province and east of Lut Block. This Skarn formed by injected Rigi granitoid (Eocene age) into limestone and sandstone (Upper Cratacious). Rigi Mountain is mainly granodiorite in composition and contains plagioclase, quartz, hornbelend and biotite minerals. Geochemistry and tectonic studies show that this pluton is calc-alkaline and I-type granite. Pyroxene, quartz and plagioclase are main minerals in hornfelses. Investigation of mineralogy and geochemistry Siah-Kamar skarns and hornfalses have indicated that formed during metamorphism and metasomatic stages (prograde and retrograde). Hornfalses and marbles are formed during metamorphism stage and prograde metamorphism stage formed anhydrous calc- silicate minerals assemblages (wollastonite, grossular- andradite and diopside). During retrograde metasomatism, these minerals have effected by alteration and replacement with hydrous calc- silicate minerals (epidote, chlorite and low termolite-actinolite). Finally during latestaye metasomatism, fine aggregates assemblage minerals such as of chlorite, quartz and clayminerals are formed. Presence of wollastonite, magnetite and andradite minerals shows that this skarn is formed nearly 550oC temperature and high oxygen fugacity (fO2=10-12-10-23). Siah- Kamar Skarn has calcic- skarn type.
Mahin Hashemi, Alireza Davoudian D, Nahid Shabanian B, Hosain Azizi,
Volume 27, Issue 1 (4-2019)
Abstract
The studied area, as Ykeh-Chah unit, is a part of Golpayegan magmatic and metamorphic complex in Sanandaj-Sirjan structural zone. The unit consists of mylonitized and high- grade metamorphic rocks, including biotite-gneiss, biotite-garnet-gneiss, amphibolite and orthogneiss. The biotite gneiss and the biotite garnet gneiss have partly been migmatitized. They show various structures such as stromatic, ptygmatic, folded, ophthalmitic, net like, and patchy. Leucosomes are as in-situ and vein leucosomes. According to the leucosome type and some preserved igneous microstructures in leucosome, partial melting of metasedimentary units have been the dominant process in the generation of the migmatites. The most reliable microstructural criterion, as the evidences of partial melting in the migmatites, are simple twinning in K-feldspar, corroded biotite, plagioclase with zoning, melt presence, symplectic replacement aggregates in leucosome and mesosome, muscovitization some of the minerals. Due to the presence of leucosome and migmatization process, the rocks have been undergone the prograde metamorphism at the increasing temperatures until the partial melting, and finally experienced retrograde metamorphism during cooling. Evidence of the retrograde metamorphism in the rocks include the emplacement of rutile by titanite and ilmenite, symplectite texture (quartz + muscovite), myrmekite texture (quartz + plagioclase), atoll garnet, alteration of garnet to quartz and chlorite.
Ameneh Amirian, Kamal Siahcheshm,
Volume 30, Issue 4 (12-2022)
Abstract
Alam-Kandy iron skarn lies at the contact margin of a granodiorite stock with limestone and dolomites of Soltanieh Formation. Anhydrous prograde calc-silicate assemblages (garnet, diopside, wollastonite) were replaced by a series of hydrous calc-silicates (serpentine, epidote, tremolite-actinolite) and/or quartz, calcite, magnetite, hematite, and pyrite. During this event, magnetite lenses (±hematite and pyrite) are formed with various textures such as massive, banded, scattered grains and veins at the vicinity of the intrusion body and the contact zones. According to this study, The geochemistry of trace elements of magnetite is variable under the influence of progressive and regressive stages of skarn formation and wall rock composition, and consistant with the indicators of magnetite formation in the (magnesium) skarn environment. These include factors such as: 1) high concentration of Mg (1 to 1.5 %), low values of Cr (<10 ppm), Ti (<0.01%) and insignificant incompatible elements such as Ag (0.5 ppm) 1 <), Rb (ppm 1 <), Sb (ppm 1 <) and Na (less than 0.1%) in magnetite; 2) significant positive correlation between Ti and V and the position of the samples in the Ti+V versus Ca+Al+Mn and Ni/(Cr + Mn) diagrams. High temperature vein-veinlet magnetites have more cobalt content than the replacement magnetites syn-deposited by sulfide minerals (retrograde stage), indicating that in the Alam Kennedy skarn system, the concentration of cobalt in the magnetite is controlled by the abundance of sulfide mineral deposits.