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Nodushan Zn-Pb deposit at the western margin of Urumieh-Dokhtar volcano-plutonic belt resulted from granitoid intrusion into Eocene dacitic to andesitic rocks. Pyrite, sphalerite, galena and chalcopyrite are the main sulfide minerals. The chemical composition of sphalerites and pyrites indicates two different type of sphalerite (high Fe types demonstrating chalcopyrite disease and low Fe type) and two different types of pyrite (high As and low As), but weaker chemical changes can be traced from margins to center of galena and chalcopyrite. These chemical changes demonstrated that the hydrothermal fluid was high in iron, manganese, zinc and cadmium content (with the development of pyrite and sphalerite), followed by arsenic and lead concentration (with the development of galena, chalcopyrite and high As pyrite), indicating higher chemical composition changes at the incipent stage of mineralization than later stages. Chemical composition of sphalerites and its comparison with sphalerites in hydrothermal and skarn deposits of Japan confirming (high sulfidation) hydrothermal vein type mineralization resulted from magnetitic-type granitoids.
 

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The Lakeh-Siah iron± apatite deposit is located in the Bafq-Saghand Metallogenic Province (Central Iran) and situated within rhyolitic rocks. Magnetite with minor apatite are the main ore minerals in this deposit. Monazite and xenotime minerals in microscopic scale formed as inclusion in the apatite and magnetite crystals and micro-fractures. Based on microscopic and EPMA evidences, apatite is primary mineral and has been scavenging from mafic to ultramafic magma affinities. Apatite crystals are shows irregular zoning from dark and bright phases, then the dark portions mostly enriched in secondary monazite and xenotime inclusions. These results are consistent with the dissolution-reprecipitation process. During this process, apatite crystals reacted with secondary hydrothermal fluids along the crystalline boundaries and have depleted from REE and also due to this process, REEs have been undergone preferential differentiation, LREE and HREE enriched in monazite and xenotime, respectively.

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Mehdiabad zinc-lead-barite deposit is located in the Central Iran structural zone and about 116 km southeast of Yazd. The host rock of this deposit is Lower Cretaceous dolomitic limestone of the Taft Formation . The main ore minerals in the Mehdiabad East Ridge ore zone include hemimorphite, hydrozincite, cerussite, and chalcophanite. Ore textures are mainly replacement, brecciated, and open-space filling. As a result of supergene and weathering processes, the sulfide minerals (sphalerite and galena) have been changed to non-sulfide minerals such as hemimorphite, hydrozincite, and cerussite. Statistical analysis of geochemical data indicates that the elements in the ore could be divided into three groups: terrigenous, host rock-forming, and ore-forming elements. Formation of iron-rich dolomite, ankerite, and siderite indicates high concentrations of iron and manganese in the mineralizing fluid. Based on this study, the characteristics of the Mehdiabad deposit are very similar to the Mississippi-Valley type deposits.
 

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The study area is located about 45 km southeast of Hamedan, northeast of Azandarian city and east of Alvand batholith. Graphite is seen in two forms in the region: 1) in the form of graphite veins with 5 to 10 cm thickness, in contact with smoky quartzite veins, 2) Scattered in spotted graphite schist, containing large crystals of muscovite, quartz, garnet, andalusite, kyanite and biotite. In this region, the most important impurities associated with graphite are ​​sersite and muscovite. In the X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), graphite peaks with hexagonal crystallization system were observed in the samples. Thermometric studies show that there are 4 types of fluid inclusions in quartz veins:1) LCO₂ + VCO₂ + LH₂O 2) LCO₂ + VCO₂, 3) VH₂O + LH₂O and 4) LCO₂ + VH₂O. Homogenization temperature for the fluids inclusions in all two-phase samples (range between 240-150) is 180 ° C in average, and calculated salinity is between 3 to 16.4% by weight equivalent of NaCl according to H₂O-CO₂-NaCl system. In addition, presence of CO₂ in the fluids inclusions indicates the hydrothermal origin of available quartzite veins. The results of petrographic and physical properties studies of graphite mineral indicate, the formation of this mineral from the metamorphic transformation of organic matter from initial sediments to amphibolite facies. The mineralization of graphite in this deposit is directly related to formation of quartz hydrothermal vein of origin.

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The Arzanfood area is located in southeast of Hamadan city, east of the Alvand granitoid. Based on of Iran geological structure zone, it is located in the Sanandaj - Sirjan zone. Quartz veins occur in the metamorphic rocks, including garnet-mica schist and phyllite, and are related to tectonic activity. The most of fault trends complied with N28W-N62W Zagros zone. In the field, three different types of quartz veins have been identified in the region including: 1) veins with a width of less than 10 cm and a length of several meters within the slate and hornfels rocks, 2) veins with a width of less than 2 meters and a length of less than 20 meters with the host rocks are garnet, micaschists and slate, and 3) veins and lenses with a width of more than 2 meters and a length of more than 20 meters that are present in micaschists rocks. Studies of fluid inclusions in quartz mineral show a homogenization temperature from 98 to 408 ° C and salinity ranges from 3.72 to 22.91 wt. % NaCl. Boiling and dilution with surface water are two processes that have been involved in mineralization. Finally, it can be concluded that quartz indices in the region are the product of hydrothermal activity related to metamorphic processes and quartz was deposited from mineralizing fluids in the empty spaces as a result of temperature and pressure reduction.

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The occurrence of copper and gold mineralization in Sultan Anouch area in the southwest of Malayer is a part of Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. The most important rock units in the studied area are schist, limestone and acidic to medium intrusive stocks. The dominant alterations in the area are propylitic, sericite, argillic and hematite, which are locally connected to the formation of skarn. Quartz, epidote, hematite, magnetite, pyrite and malachite minerals are the main ore minerals. The mineralization of gold and copper can be seen as streaks and filling the empty space. In the samples, the highest amount of gold is 0.67 grams per ton and the highest amount of copper is 37200 grams per ton. In the immediate vicinity of the intrusive mass with carbonate rocks, extensive traces of chemical reactions of open system neighborhood transformation have been observed. The intrusive masses are located in the most parts of the volcanic arc granites and at the same time as the impact, so the magmatism of the area is related to the subduction environment.

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In this research, the preparation of single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of a new chiral compound of N-(1-paratolyl(ethyl))-P,P-diphenylphosphinicamide, (C₆H₅)₂P(O)[NH-(S)-(–)CH(CH₃)(C₆H₄-4-CH₃)] are reported. This compound is crystallized in the orthorhombic crystal system with chiral space group  , Z = 4, a = 23.400 (5) Å, b = 13.870 (3) Å and c = 11.301 (2) Å. The asymmetric unit consists of two symmetry-independent phosphinicamide molecules, which show the greatest difference in the N—C—C—C torsion angles related to the chiral amine. In the crystal structure, a three-dimensional arrangement of molecules is created by the N—H…O═P, C—H…O═P and C—H…π hydrogen bonds. The Hirshfeld surface (HS) analysis and two-dimensional fingerprint plots were studied to investigate the interactions in the structure. The ultraviolet absorption and rotational circular dichroism spectra were measured.

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A new racemic compound of 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine, N,N-bis((O-phenyl)(cyclohexylamido)phosphinate), (C₆H₅O)(C₆H₁₁NH)P(O)NHCH₂C(CH₃)₂CH₂NHP(O)(NHC₆H₁₁)(OC₆H₅), was synthesized and studied by X-ray diffraction and spectroscopic methods. In the crystal structure, the molecules are assembled in a two-dimensional array parallel to the (10-1) plane through NH⋯OP hydrogen bonds. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system with space group P2₁/n and the asymmetric unit is composed of one molecule. Hirshfeld surface analysis and the fingerprint diagrams are discussed.
 

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 The copper and zinc sulfide deposit of Sargaz is located 30 aerial kilometers northwest of Jiroft city and southeast of Iran. Upper Triassic to Lower Jurassic pillow basalts host massive copper and zinc sulfide mineralization. This area is located in the structural zone of Sanandaj-Sirjan. In this area, there is a massive sulfide zone at the border of jasper and basalt, so that from the surface to the depth, first the flysch unit and andesite, pyroclastic, jasper, massive sulfide, sheared stringer, non-mineralized stringer and basalt can be seen. Mineralization is accompanied by siliceous-chlorite alteration. These alterations are spatially related to mineralization. In this research, the origin of ore-forming fluids along with salinity, trapping depth and pressure of the deposit formation environment have been investigated. The study of fluid inclusions showed that the hydrothermal fluid that produces mineralization consists of ocean water and metamorphism.
The calculated oxygen isotope values ​​range from -1.2 to -13.36 per thousand, which indicates the mixing of several fluids with different origins (atmospheric water and oceanic water), so the Sargaz deposit is composed of atmospheric, oceanic, and basinal fluids and transformation is formed. The study of fluid inclusions showed that ore-forming fluids at shallow depth and low pressure caused the formation of Sargaz copper and zinc deposit.

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 The Sargaz volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit is located in southeastern Iran, northwest of Jiroft County. The lithology of the area includes pillow basalts, andesites, pyroclastics, and flysch. The formation of block smokers in basaltic units with pillow formation has caused the mineralization of copper and zinc massive sulfides in the Sargaz deposit. The copper and zinc mineralization event in the Sargaz deposit is in the southeastern part of the Sanandaj-Sirjan structural zone, which has been formed in the form of massive and stringers. Pyrite is the main sulfide mineral in this deposit, with chalcopyrite, sphalerite, tennantite, and pyrrhotite minerals seen with it. Siliceous and chlorite alteration in the mineralization zones is one of the most important alterations observed in the host rock of mineralization. These alterations are temporally and spatially dependent on the mineralization zone. Using the average homogenization temperature of the fluid inclusions obtained from 89 fluid inclusion samples, the separation of the sulfur isotope of the fluid from the sulfur isotope in equilibrium with sulfide minerals was performed. The studies showed that the origin of the sulfur in the mineralizing hydrothermal fluid consists of metamorphic rocks, as well as magmatic sulfur. The study of trace and rare earth elements in the mineralizing zone indicates a negative anomaly in HFSE elements and a positive anomaly in LILE lithophile elements. The positive anomaly in lithophile elements can indicate the mixing of the ore-forming fluid with silicate rocks.