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Varcheh gabbroic pluton is located in Markazi Province and is part of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. This pluton is gabbro to monzo-gabbro of alkaline nature. Based on condrite normalized spider diagrams, the REE pattern displays enrichment of LREE (100 times) and HREE (10 times). In addition, based on primitive mantle  normalized spider diagrams, they display enrichment of HFS elements (Zr, Ti, P). Absence of negative anomaly of Nb is due to alkaline nature.  Behavior of Zr, Nb, Yb, La, and Sm elements show that the primary magma is derived from enriched  mantle by the partial melting of 10%-15% of the   spinel - garnet lherzolite, respectively. This magmatism can be related to deep faults and crustal thickening by the Neotethys subduction. The Plagioclase composition in gabbroic pluton is in the range of oligoclase to labradorite and clinopyroxene composition is mainly diopside. The clinopyroxene composition shows that they were crystallized from an alkaline magma. On the basis of geothermobarometry, crystallization-temperature of diopside is estimated to be about 1150°C to 1200 °C and crystallization-pressure for the diopside is between 3 - 7 kb.

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Electrospinning is one of the most feasible techniques for producing nanoceramic fibers. In this paper, YBa₂Cu₃O_7-δ (YBCO) superconductor nanofibers synthesized using electrospinning. The first step was preparation of a composite that is formed by mixing yttrium, barium, and copper acetates with different percent of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Then, the composite polymer has been electrospun to produce nanofibers. In order to obtain the calcination temperature, thermograviation analysis has been employed.  Finally, for characterization, the nanofibers samples have been studied by, SEM, XRD, and ac magnetic susceptibility before and after sintering. The results showed that the best fibers in terms of diameter size and the absence of bead defects are attributed to 7.5 wt% of acetates. Also, the best sintering temperature for synthesizing the fiber sample of YBa₂Cu₃O_7-δ was found 930 °C and the transition temperature of the fiber sample was obtained 93.2 K.

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The Lar igneous complex (LIC) is located in the Sistan Suture Zone. The igneous rocks occur as stock, dike, lava and pyroclastic. As a result of hydrothermal fluids, Cu-Mo mineralization was formed in the stocks. Apatite is one of the most abundant accessory minerals in the igneous rocks that occurs as prismatic and brecciated. EPMA data indicate that apatites are fluorapatite in composition with low contents of chlorine indicating they were equilibrated with a relatively hydrous and oxidized melt/fluid. The mentioned melt/fluid fall in the field of the worldwide mineralized systems. The low chlorine contents of the apatites and high-K (shoshonitic) character of their host rocks indicate Cl–K decoupling of the primary magma due to involvement of dehydrated sediments in the deep lithospheric mantle source and occurrence of fractional crystallization.

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The Chah Andoo plain is located about 100 km SW Damqan in Semnan Province. Basalt, andesite-basalt, tuff and metamorphic rocks are the main rocks which exposed in the study area. Agate, jasper and agate–jasper are silica minerals widespread at the plain surface as crushed fragments from a few millimeters to 0.5 meter in dimension. Banded (mono centric), stalactite (landscape), mossy and thunder egg agates are the most frequent agate types in the area. Jaspers can be observed as banded, mossy, massive and different color types. Low quartz and moganite as the main silica polymorph minerals with impurities such as hematite, carbonate, chlorite and carbonaceous organic material were determined by micro Raman spectroscopy. Moganite is identified in the silica mineralization for the first time in the study area.

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The Shotorkhosb kaolin deposit is located about 7 km southeast of Torbat-e-Heydariyeh, Khorasan Razavi Province, northeast Iran. This deposit is a part of the Khaf-Kashmar-Bardaskan metallogenic zone. Field observations and laboratory studies indicate that this deposit is a product of alteration of Eocene andesitic rocks.  In this study, different analytical techniques, such as XRD, SEM-EDS, FE-SEM, DTA and TGA, were used to evaluate the characterization of the studied kaolin samples. Based on mineralogical examinations, kaolinite, illite, halloysite, montmorillonite, quartz, alunite, jarosite, natrojarosite, albite, muscovite, hematite, pyrite, gypsum, rutile, galena and barite are the most mineral phases in this deposit. Halloysite is a type 7 angstrom in this deposit and can be seen in the form of tubes and plate. Alunites have pseducubic and rhombuhedral forms. The distribution pattern of rare earth elements (REEs) and investigation of lanthanide ratios imply the effective role of pH and temperature changes in the development of this deposit. The correlation coefficients between elements reveal the effective role of clays, hematite, rutile and phosphorus-bearing minerals in the concentration of lanthanides. The decrease of Ce anomaly in the kaolin samples relative to the andesitic precursor rock  implies a decrease in oxygen fugacity during the development of kaolinitization processes in the Shotorkhosb deposit.

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The Deh-Salm Metamorphic Complex (DMC) is composed of metapelite, metabasite, metaperidotite, and calc-silicate rocks and is one of the few outcrops of the Lut block’s basement which emerged near to the Sistan suture zone. In the eastern part of the Deh-Salm metamorphic complex, the calc-silicate and marble appeared in the form of elongated tectonic lenses that have been metamorphosed in similar temperature and pressure conditions of the confined rocks. Evidences from mineralogical and petrographic studies indicate the existence of different mineral assemblages in the calc-silicates but with similar metamorphism conditions. Scapolite + alkali feldspar + plagioclase + sphene, scapolite + pyroxene, garnet + amphibole + epidote and garnet + pyroxene + Wollastonite are most important paragenesis recognized. The results provided by this study, based on the EPMA method, classify the scapolite into the calcic group that can be called mizzonite (Me% 70 – 80), alkali feldspar with a composition close to orthoclase, and plagioclase as an andesine composition. Garnet in the studied rocks are rich grassular end-member. Pyroxene of the calc-silicate rocks are the clinopyroxene with the diopside composition. Based on the metamorphic paragenesis, geochemical analyses, and comparsion of the metamorphic grade between the calc-silicate and the adjacent metabasites, a progressive metamorphism up to the upper amphibolite-granulite facies from the west to the east of the complex has taken place. It may be considered that the Late Jurassic regional metamorphism event was synchronous with the Shah Kuh granitization at the eastern margin of the Lut Block due to the subduction of the Neotethys ocean.

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The Baharieh kaolin deposit (east Kashmar, Khorasan Razavi Province) is the product of alteration of dacitic rocks (Eocene) and is located in the Khaf-Kashmar-Bardaskan metallogenic belt. Field observations show that the development of this deposit was controlled by the tectonic system of the area and the presence of silica cap is the most important geological feature of this deposit. Mineralogical studies, using different analytic techniques (such as XRD, SEM-EDS, FE-SEM, DTA and TGA), indicate the presence of kaolinite, halloysite, illite, quartz, alunite, jarosite, muscovite, albite, gypsum, topaz, anhydrite, rutile, galena, zircon and hematite in the kaolin samples. Calculations of mass changes with the assumption of Al as index immobile element show that the development of the kaolinization process has been accompanied with intense enrichment of LREE relative to HREE. This phenomenon indicates the preferential adsorption of LREE by kaolinite, halloylsite, alunite, hematite, and jarosite and the relatively low activity of complexing ions in rock-altering fluids. Correlation coefficients between elements indicate that kaolinite, rutile, manganese oxides, and secondary phosphates have played an important controlling role in the distribution and fixation of lanthanides. Occurrence of Eu negative anomaly in relation to the alteration of feldspars by relatively high-temperature fluids along with the occurrence of positive Ce anomaly indicate the effects of low-temperature aqueous system on the Baharieh kaolin deposit.

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The RoudMajan kaolin deposit is located about 35 km northwest of Torbat-e- Heydarieh city, Khorasan Razavi Province, in the Great Kavir Block subzone. Field evidence and laboratories results indicate that this deposit is genetically associated with the alteration of basaltic andesite rocks (Lower Eocene). According to the microscopic evidence and various analytical techniques (XRD, SEM-EDS, FE-SEM, DTA and TGA), kaolinite, illite, haloysite, quartz, alunite and muscovite are the major mineralogical phases and hematite, pyrite, rutile, galena, barite, calcite, biotite, apatite, titanomagnetite and titanium augiteare the minor minerlogical phases in this deposit. Calculations of mass balance of elements with the assumption of Al, as a monitor immobile element, reveal that the development of the kaolinization process of andesi-basaltic rocks in the RoudMajan  has been accompanied with the enrichment of Pb, leaching of elements such as Cs, Rb, Cu, Zn and Sr and leaching and fixation of elements such as Hf, Ba, Zr, V, Th, Ta, Nb, Ga, Cr, Co and Ni. Among the lanthanides, only Ce experienced mass decrease, while others exhibit both incremental and decremental behavior during kaolinization processes. The distribution pattern of normalized REE to chondrite indicates the differentiation and enrichment of LREE from HREE. The obtained results reveal that the behavior of trace elements during the formation of the RoudMajan kaolin deposit is a function of factors such as changes temperature and mineralizing fluid chemistry, differences in alteration intensity, adsorption, scavenging, mineralogical control, and abundance of complexing ions. Correlation coefficients between elements indicate the role of clay minerals, secondary phosphates, rutile, manganese oxides, muscovite and illite in the distribution and fixation of lanthanides. The occurrence of negative anomalies of Eu and Ce in kaolin samples indicates the alteration of plagioclase minerals of primary basaltic andesite rocks by high-temperature fluids and reduction of oxygen fugacity during the development of the RoudMajan kaolin deposit.

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Preparation of two-dimensional nanostructures of WTe₂ and MoTe₂ by chemical solution synthesis methods is of great importance. In different synthesis methods, different precursors and concentrations are used. In this paper, we used the chemical reduction reaction method from solution for our analysis. Binary compounds of WO₃ - TeO₂ and MoO₃ - TeO₂ were prepared in two processes with reduction agents: (a) sodium borohydrate (NaBH₄) and (b) hydrazine in the presence of nitrogen gas. The structural and optical properties of the nanopowders were studied after chemical reduction. The results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that in the WO₃ - TeO₂ binary compound, after chemical reduction with NaBH₄, the diffraction peaks of the TeO₂ and WO₃ binary compounds formed independently and after annealing in the presence of hydrazine, and the intensity of the peaks has been significantly increased. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) images showed that the morphology of the nanoparticles was uniform in the form of spherical nanoparticles. In the combination of MoO₃ - TeO₂ with chemical reduction, other phases of Te₂O₅ and TeMo₅O₁₆ are formed in the shape of hemispheres, rods and polyhedrals, which indicates the formation of composite phases. The chemical bond structure and energy gap of samples were studied by FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy.
 

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The Dumak ophiolitic mélange in the Baluchistan region is one of the ophiolitic mélanges that contains all of the components of a complete ophiolite, located in the middle parts of the western margin of the Eastern Iranian range. Field studies indicate the presence of a large volume of pillow lavas in different parts of the Dumak mélange. The outcrop of sheeted dikes associated with the Dumak mélange is limited to the Shuru region. These dikes present below the pillow lava and Cretaceous pelagic sediments. Compositionaly, most of pillow lavas and sheeted dikes are basalt. Variations in SiO2 to FeOt/MgO in the pillow lavas and sheeted dikes indicates a tholeiitic trend for their productive magma. The pattern of REE elements and amounts of (La/Sm)_N in these rocks are similar to E-MORB. The study of pillow lavas and sheeted dykes of Dumak ophiolitic mélange shows that the MORB ophiolitic body in Dumak has been gradually and continuously evolved in a supra-subduction zone environment and beginning of intra-oceanic subduction. Considering structural evidence of the region, after adding the Dumak ophiolite to the Lut block, during the continuation of tectonic movements related to orocline bending, a new mélange has formed with the presence of Eocene carbonate blocks.

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The Faryab ophiolitic complex is located in Golashkard region, in the southeastern part of Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. This complex is mainly composed of the ophiolitic mantle part consisting of dunite, wehrlite, and pyroxenite, as well as chromitite and serpentinite, which was thrusted on the metamorphic rocks of the Bajgan complex. Dunites are found in the form of bodies sometimes containing thin layers of chromitite. Wehrlite and pyroxenite are also exposed as minor dykes in different parts of the complex. The main texture in the wehrlite and dunite is granular and cataclastics. The chromitites appear in both stratiform and podiform. Microscopic evidence indicates that the presence of lattice preferred orientation in minerals may be formed during recrystallization at high- temperature mantle. The chemistry of minerals in the peridotites shows that rocks including forsterite with low chromium and high nickel, diopside and magnesium-bearing Cr-spinel with small amounts of orthopyroxene were partially melted in the upper mantle up to 35 to 40%. Using tectonic setting discrimination diagrams led us to conclude that the Faryab complex peridotites are a part of the oceanic lithosphere which have emplaced in the supra-subduction zone, suffered partial melting evolutions and then tectonically emplaced in the crust in the form of ophiolitic remnants.

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Metamorphic rocks in the Faryab complex are part of the Bajgan metamorphic complex with Upper Cretaceous age that crops out in the southeast of Sanandaj-Sirjan zone, south Iran. The metamorphic rocks of Faryab Complex have been metamorphosed in greenschist and amphibolite facies include garnet mica schist, epidote schist, epidote amphibole schist, amphibole schist, epidote amphibolite, amphibolite and garnet amphibolite. Minerals composing amphibolites are garnet, amphibole, epidote, plagioclase, quartz, chlorite and sphene as well as titanite and magnetite as secondary minerals. The composition of amphiboles in amphibolite and epidote amphibolite are made of calcic types and their chemistry varies from magnesio-hornblende through ferro-tschermakite-hornblende, ferro paragasite-hornblende, ferro edenite-hornblende to ferroedenite. The composition of plagioclas ranges from albite to oligoclase. The protolith of most amphibolites and epidote amphibolites in the Faryab complex are defined by the occurrence of key minerals in metabasites and are considered as basalt and gabbro. Several thermobarometeric calculation methods indicate that the highest temperature and pressure for the amphibolites, which were appeared adjacent to peridotites and located in the northern part of the complex, are about 700 °C and 9.7 kbar. By moving away from the peridotites into the lower structural units in the southern part of the Faryab complex, the temperature and pressure range in the amphibolite and epidote amphibolite and decrease to 510°C and 4.34 kbar on average, which is beginning of amphibolite and middle amphibolite facies. Investigation of the P-T pathes in conjunction with close associations of isograde lines show that geothermal gradients were high even at the beginning of metamorphism. Mineral chemistry and thermobarometric calculations along with consideration of the structural position of the Faryab complex indicate that the tectonic position of the Faryab complex in the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone may remined us an accretion-subduction complex. This complex was constructed in the north-dipping Neo-Tethyan subduction zone during the Late Cretaceous time, which caused the higher degree metamorphic rocks were thrusted onto the shallower ones.

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The Sefidabeh and Heydar Abad antimony mines are located in the northwest of Zahedan in the Sistan suture zone.  The rock units in the area are Cretaceous ophiolitic complex, Eocene flysch sequence, Oligocene conglomerate and Oligocene intermediate igneous rocks. The antimony mineralization occurs as quartz-stibnite veins in the Oligocene conglomerate along the faulted zone. The hypogene sulfide minerals are stibnite with minor amounts of pyrite. The supergene minerals are hematite, goethite, limonite, stibiconite and senarmontite. The main alteration types are silicic, argillic and carbonate that occurred around the veins and are mainly characterized with quartz, chalcedony, clay and calcite. The common ore textures are open space filling and brecciated. Coliform and comb structure and bladed and acicular stibnite crystals are observed in microscopic and mesoscopic scales as well. The vein type hypogene sulfides are formed by hydrothermal fluids in fractures and faults The result of micro-thermometry of fluid inclusion in quartz show that the homogenization temperatures the ranges from 130 to 420 ºC and salinities ranges from 4 to 5.68 wt. % NaCl eq. that are mainly in range of those of epithermal ore deposits. The mineral assemblage, alteration types and ore texture show that antimony mineralization in Sefidabeh and Heydar Abad mines is of low-sulfidation epithermal type, which are controlled by strike-slip faults.