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Considering the high resistance of quartz against stress and alteration, this mineral was chosen for Geothermobarometry in Almogholagh intrusive masses. To determine the temperature and pressure of crystallization of quartz, the amount of Ti contained in the quartz was measured by Electron Microprobe –Analyzer method and then, the pressure and temperature of crystallization of analyzed points were calculated. The growth and crystallization temperature range of quartz was determined using the P-T diagrams were drawn and contoured. The results show that the negative effects of stress and active fluids on the calculated crystallization temperature can be reduced by contouring. Moreover, in this study, it was found that quartz crystals of intermediate-to-basic rocks and the acidic rocks have been crystallized in a temperature range of 683 to 757 °C and 667 to 741 °C respectively. The examination  of  fluid inclusions in quartz veins by heating and freezing stage microscope showed that silicic veins in intrusive masses and in the immediate adjacent rock have been formed at temperatures between 134 to 255 °C.

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The Mazra'eh Shadi is located about 130 km northeast of Tabriz (NW Iran) in the Arasbaran metallogenic belt. The deposit occurs as a series of veins within the Eocene andesites. Mineralization shows epithermal system that controlled by fault distribution. Epithermal textures within the veins include comb, vaggy quartz, cockade, boxworke, plate calcite and breccia. Pyrite is the main ore mineral associated with chalcopyrite, chalcocite, covellite, sphalerite, galena and gold. The result of geochemistry on the small rock samples from silica veins shows values of gold (max17100 ppb), Pb(max 21100 ppm), Ag(max 9.43ppm), Cu(max 611ppm) and Zn (max 333 ppm). Microthermometric studies were conducted on quartz samples from silicified and mineralized zones and provides substantial micro-thermometric data for a new interpretation. Fluid inclusions generally occur in range from 5 to 90 μm in size. Three types of fluid inclusions are typically observed at Mazra'eh Shadi:(1) liquid-rich two-phase, (2) vapour-rich two-phase (3) vapour-rich mono-phase. The homogenization temperatures of all inclusions from 160 to 324 °C and the average of homogenization temperature is 228°C .The salinities are 0.17–5.1 wt.% NaCl equiv. The last ice-melting temperature is between –2.2 and -3.2°C. All fluid inclusions are plotted into the epithermal box and into the region between the primary magmatic water box and the meteoric water. Mineralization of Au is the result of pyrite precipitation, dilution- mixing of an oxidized meteoric water decreasing of pH, boiling and fluid mixing and there are two fluids participated in the formation of Mazra'eh Shadi deposit. Fluid inclusion data shows the depth of mineralization at Mazra'eh Shadi deposit probably ranged from 230 m to 380 m below the paleosurface and three-dimensional graphs confirm the deposition of lead and zinc in with high temperature-low salinity fluid and deposition of gold with low temperature-high salinity fluid. The zoning pattern shows clearly base metals such as Cu, Pb, Zn and Mo occur at the deepest levels, whereas precious metals occur at higher elevations with respect to base metals due to boiling of hydrothermal fluids in epithermal system.

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In this paper, Y-type strontium hxaferrite (Sr₂Co₂Fe₁₂O₂₂) nanostructure with molar ratio of citric acid to metal nitrats of 1:0.5, 1:1, 1:1.5 and 1:2 prepared using a sol-gel of auto-combustion method and then prepared powders were sintering at 1000  ˚C for 3 h. In order to investigate structural, magnetic and dielectric properties of the Sr₂Co₂Fe₁₂O₂₂ nanostructure, samples have been analyzed by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy field emission (FESEM) , vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and LCR meter methodes. The results of measurements of structur show that Y-type hexaferrite structural in the samples with  molar ratios of 1.5 and 2 was completely formed, so that in the sample with molar ratio of 1.5 peaks and its intensity is closer to the standard card. Also, the results of dielectric reveal that by increasing frequency, dielectric constant and dielectric loss decreases which indicates that samples could be suitable for use in devices.  The results show that the best papered sample is at temperature and time of 1000- 3h, respectively, with citric acid mole ratio of 1_.5.

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Varcheh gabbroic pluton is located in Markazi Province and is part of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. This pluton is gabbro to monzo-gabbro of alkaline nature. Based on condrite normalized spider diagrams, the REE pattern displays enrichment of LREE (100 times) and HREE (10 times). In addition, based on primitive mantle  normalized spider diagrams, they display enrichment of HFS elements (Zr, Ti, P). Absence of negative anomaly of Nb is due to alkaline nature.  Behavior of Zr, Nb, Yb, La, and Sm elements show that the primary magma is derived from enriched  mantle by the partial melting of 10%-15% of the   spinel - garnet lherzolite, respectively. This magmatism can be related to deep faults and crustal thickening by the Neotethys subduction. The Plagioclase composition in gabbroic pluton is in the range of oligoclase to labradorite and clinopyroxene composition is mainly diopside. The clinopyroxene composition shows that they were crystallized from an alkaline magma. On the basis of geothermobarometry, crystallization-temperature of diopside is estimated to be about 1150°C to 1200 °C and crystallization-pressure for the diopside is between 3 - 7 kb.

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In this research, mineralogy, geochemistry and SEM micrographs of clinker and Portland cement of Orumiyeh Cement factory were studied by Clinkers Polished sections and SEM micrographs as well as chemical analysis of clinker and Portland cements were done by XRF method in the Orumiyeh cement factory chemical lab and bogue chemical indices were calculated. Also, lime saturation factor, silica and alumina ratios were also used to compare the Orumiyeh cements and clinker by universal standards. The results show the presence of alite, belite, quartz and aluminate phases in polished sections, the necessary fuel is a type of gas fields, the rate of increasing the temperature in the kiln is very much, the rate of cooling is weak and burning the clinker has been performed during a long time. Also the Orumiyeh clinker and Portland cement type 2 have significant conformation to clinker and cement universal standards

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The Gol-Gohar metamorphic complex is located about 55 km southwest of the Sirjan and is part of east Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. The rocks units are metamorphosed in greenschist and upper amphibolite facies with age of Middle Jurassic which consists of metapelitic (mica-schists and gneisses), metabasitic and metacarbonatic rocks. Geochemical studies indicate that the precursor sediments of the metapelites had been deposited as immature shales and grywackes from source materials of dominantly felsic to intermediate composition. Source area exhibited weak to moderate chemical weathering. The relatively low contents of Cr (average 99.67 ppm) and Ni (average 56 ppm) in the studied schists are comparable with the concentration of these elements in post-Archean schists. Study of gneisses in the Gol-Gohar area indicates that these rocks are sedimentary in composition (para gneiss) and were derived from rocks with weakly peraluminous.

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Northeast Kamyaran ophiolitic complex is mainly composed of harzburgite along with small outcrops of lherzolite. Harzburgites are extensively altered to serpentinite. Small lenses of chromite mineralization are observed in harzburgites. The mineral assemblage present in the study harzburgite and lherzolite are olivine, orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene along with minor amount of spinel. Microprobe studies on the spinel indicate that it is Cr and Al bearing spinel (Cr-spinel) with very high Mg# (55.2-71.9) and Cr# (34.3-45.5) values and low values of TiO₂ (with average value of 0.6 wt%). Fe³⁺ content of the Cr-spinel in the study rocks is high (with average value of 0.8 wt %) indicating that the crystallization occurred at high oxygen fugacity. According to the microprobe data, MgO content of olivine varies between 50.04 and 52.99 wt% and its composition is forsterite (Fo_90.68-91.42). Based on the mineral chemistry of spinel, peridotites of Northeast Kamyaran ophiolitic complex belong to residual depleted peridotites which have formed in mid ocean ridge tectonic setting.

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The Hormuz Formation is a sequence of lithologically various evaporitic–volcanic rocks in salt domes where the volcanic rocks are dominantly acidic, generally with less than one third basic volcanics. It was formed in the Late Proterozoic (640–620 Ma)/Neoproterozoic–Early Cambrian, as a result of sub-basin rifting in the northern part of the Arabian plate, throughout most of the Persian Gulf Basin and the equivalent Ara salt in Oman. Diabase is the most common basic rock of the Hormuz Formation. In the field, the studied diabases are seen as stock-like outcrops and dykes which are extremely altered. These rocks contain plagioclase, pyroxene and less olivine as primary minerals which are transformed to various secondary minerals and the diabases primary textures are ophitic, porphyritic and microlitic flow. 22 samples of these diabases from 7 salt domes of southern Iran were analyzed by XRF and ICP-MS methods and then studied. On geochemical diagrams, these rocks plot in the field of tholeiitic basalts and mid-oceanic ridge basalts (MORB). According to values of major and rare elements, these diabases have undergone fractional crystallization within a magma chamber or en route to the surface. Due to REE pattern and values of these samples, the parental rock of the magma which produced them has experienced intermediate degrees of partial melting and these diabases have undergone low degrees of crustal contamination during magmatic evolution. According to values of rare elements ratios, they were probably generated from a depleted to transitional mantle source derived from a garnet-free, spinel peridotite source region. Therefore, the Hormuz Formation diabases are products of the Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian rifting of the northern part of the Arabian plate. They have similar chemical compositions as Archean tholeiitic basalts and show all the features of a greenstone but whether or not they are on a Phanerozoic greenstone belt, needs further tectonic studies.

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The Jebal-E-Barez Oligocene granitoid is located in the southeastern Bam, and in the southeastern part of the Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Assemblage. Based on petrographic studies, this granitoid includes tonalite, granodiorite, granite and alkaligranite, which are composed of quartz, plagioclase, amphibole, biotite and alkali feldspar. The albite of plagioclase ranges from 38.38 to 67.26 percent, and its composition is oligoclase to andesine. Composition of calcic amphiboles varies from magnesiohornblende to tschermakite, which is feature of I type granite. The Na₂O amount and calc-alkaline nature of amphiboles indicate subduction zone for this granitoid, furthermore Al₂O₃, TiO₂ and Mg^#  amounts of amphiboles indicate crust and mantle mixing in the formation of granitoid magma. The geobarometry studies clarify that hornblende crystallization occurred in 2 kb, in addition to the geothermometry studies on aluminum of  amphibole and hornblende-plagioclase pair minerals display crystallization temperature average of Jebal-E-Barez granitoid is 800 ^oC. Jebal-E-Barez granitoid ƒO₂ determine magma oxidation state.

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One of the most prominent cases of the study of alteration processes and their effect on geochemistry is the ophiolite investigation. The Marivan-Palangan ophiolite (MPO) complex is a part of the Neotethyan ophiolites, which situated in the Kurdistan Province, western Iran. The studied samples reveal the occurrence of the secondary minerals such as epidote group, chlorite, zeolites, and less calcite and iron hydroxides in the form of veins, vesicles and fractures infilling, and replacement phases. The element concentration variation versus Loss on ignition (LOI), normalization of the samples as to fresh sample in the study area and standard sample, and immobile element modeling indicate that element contents changes vary depending on the degree of alteration so that the concentration of Large-Ion Lithophile Elements (LILE) such as Rb, Cs, K, Ba, and Na shown a significant increase. CaO and FeO oxides are relatively depleted. Light Rare Earth Elements (LREE) display slight enrichment, while Middle Rare Earth Elements (MREE) and Heavy Rare Earth Elements (HREE) are almost constant. Therefore, in evaluation of the geochemical characteristics of extrusive section of the MPO complex, the effect of alteration on the changes in the concentration of elements, in particular LILEs, CaO, FeO and also LREEs should be considered.

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Lale zar granite batolith is located in the southeast of Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic belt and Dehech-Sarduieh. This mass includes a low density of tourmaline with nodule,vein and solar morphologies. Less tourmaline occurs in this mass could be due to mass being saturated in the boron. The studied tourmalines are classified in the shourl-dravite series and alkaline group. Most of the substitutions in these tourmalines are kinds: Ca + Mg(O) = Na + Mg(OH),
Ca = X_–vac + Na، Ca + Mg = (X_-vac + Al) – 1 and Mg instead of Fe. Existence of clear zoonings in the tourmalines, large amounts of Mg and less than 0.6 amounts of FeO / FeO + MgO, show the growth of tourmaline in the open systems where generated from magmatic-hydrothermal and hydrothermal. On the other hand, high amounts of REE elements and enrichment of LREE than HREE, enrichment of  the transition elements such as Cr, V, Ni, Cu, Zn, Zr also can be show the hydrothermal origin for these tourmalines.

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Opal, known as Aghigh in Persian, is one of the main semi-precious rock in Iran that is present in Bayag active mine in NW of Torbat Heidarieh. Mineralogy of agate is crucial for its treatment and cutting. In this research, mineralogy of agate in Bayeg mine investigated using SEM, Raman analyses and ICP methods.  Chalcedony introduced as the main constituent of agate in literature. However, this research revels opal, chalcedony and moganite are main minerals of Bayeg mine respectively. In hand specimen, chalcedony show white and milky color, and opals are gray to dark. ICP-MS analysis showed that amounts of AL and Na, Ba and Sr present as trace of meteoric and hydrothermal fluids and igneous activities during the formation of opals

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The intrusion of Boroujerd Granitoid Complex into the metamorphosed pelitic rocks has resulted in the formation of pelitic hornfelses and anatectic migmatites in its metamorphic aureole. The effective melting reactions include fluid-present and fluid-absent. Fluid-present melting reactions may have consumed the whole free fluid in the aureole as a result of which melting process continued through fluid-absent reactions. It is highly probable that high-grade mineral assemblages like spinel+corundum in the aureole have formed by biotite dehydration reactions. As a result, the presence of spinel and corundum minerals in these rocks is related to the fluid-absent partial melting. Using thermodynamic equilibrium of minerals and multiple equilibrium reactions, peak pressure and temperature of metamorphism are estimated as 4 kbar and 750 °C respectively. The total fluid activity in melanosome cordierites (a CO₂ [0.15] + a H₂O [0.6]) is 0.75 at the aforementioned pressure and temperature. Melt-water content in Boroujerd migmatites is 3.75 % and H₂O content of cordierite in melanosomes is 1.1 %. Considering these numbers, the D_w of melt reactions at 750 °C for Boroujerd migmatites is 3.41 % that correlates with biotite dehydration reactions. The H₂O content of melts matches the minimum water line which is representative of fluid-absent conditions and confirms the correctness of petrographical studies, fluid-absent reactions and the estimated D_w in migmatites.

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The Almaghoulagh antiform in north of Asadabad, Hamedan, is one of the areas where the Paleozoic rocks are exposed in the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. The antiform comprises two metamorphosed units. The Almaghoulagh unit in the lower part is overlain by the Chenar Sheikh unit, whereas the former derived from a volcanic protolith, the latter had a protolith with a significant sedimentary component. The Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous felsic and mafic plutonic bodies are situated in the core of the antiform. The S1 foliation, which can be recognized throughout all the lithological units, is considered to formed during a regional metamorphic event. The amphibole-plagioclase thermometer and amphibole-garnet-plagioclase-quartz barometer yielded metamorphic temperature of 570°C and an average pressure of 7.2 kbar for the Almaghoulagh metabasites. The P-T condition of metamorphism in the Chenar sheikh metapelites was also estimated at 462° C and an average pressure of  2.6 kbar using the biotite-garnet thermometer and garnet-plagioclase-biotite-muscovite-quartz and garnet-plagioclase-muscovite-quartz barometers. These P-T estimations suggest that the regional metamorphism reached the amphibolite grade and the lower part of the Almaghoulah antiform experienced a higher degree of metamorphism.  The S2 foliation, which is the most penetrative structural element of all the rock units in the region, formed within a shear zone. Occurrence of the shear stress in the region, facilitated intrusion of the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous plutonic bodies into the core of the antiform. The emplacement of the plutonic bodies has played a major role in folding and doming the region.

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In this research, the SrMn_xFe_12-xO₁₉ nanoparticles with x = 0.0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 at 1000 ^oC  for 4 h, using sol-gel method, were synthesized. Thermal analysis, crystalline structure and their bonding properties of the samples by TGA / DTA analysis, XRD and FT-IR were investigated. In order to investigate morphology of the samples from field emission, scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was used. Also, properties of the samples, using vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), were investigated. In addition to the Curie temperature of SrMn_xFe_12-xO₁₉ nanoparticles with x = 0.0, 0.5 and 1 was determined. Thermalgravimetric analysis confirms that the formation of the hexagonal phase at temperature of 953.1 ^oC. The results of measurements of the XRD show that the phase percentage of SrMn_xFe_12-xO₁₉ nanoparticles with x = 0.5 has increased. The results of the hysteresis loops of SrMn_xFe_12-xO₁₉ nanoparticles reveal that with increasing Mn contents, the saturation magnetization, remanence magnetization and magnetic coercivity reduced. Also, the results of the magnetization of SrMn_xFe_12-xO₁₉ nanoparticles with temperature reveal that with increasing of Mn contents, the Curie temperature decreased.  

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The Gol-Gohar metamorphic complex, a part of east Sanandaj-Sirjan zone, is located 55 km southwest of Sirjan. This complex consists of metapelitic, metapsammitic and metacarbonatic rocks. Field and geochemical evidence indicate that these sedimentary protolith sequences were composed of shale and sandstone alternation with carbonate layers in the upper parts. In the studied metapelites, garnets are almandine-rich, composition of biotite is between sidrophyllite and annite and plagioclase varies from albite to anortite (in amphibolite and garnet amphibolite) and oligoclase and andesine (in schists). Our studies show that amphibolite and garnet amphibolite are types of para amphibolite. The results of thermometry, based on the garnet-biotite pair and barometry through GBPQ method for these rocks, demonstrate that Gol-Gohar metapelite schists were formed within a temperature range of 550-578˚C and a pressure range of 3.7-4.6 kbar (greenschist and lower amphibolite facies). The thermo-barometry studies, based on chemistry of amphibole, mineral in the amphibolites and garnet amphibolites demonstrate 589-613 ^oC and 613-641 ^oC temperatures, 4.7-4.9 kbar and 4.3-5.6 kbar pressure ranges respectively which are indicating amphibolite facies of metamorphic conditions for these rocks. Field evidence and geochemical studies indicate that the evolutionary trend which resulted increasing temperature and pressure from schists to amphibolites and garnet amphibolites are consistent with the mineral paragenesis.

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In The northern part of Kerman Volcanic Belt, southwest of Rafsanjan (Deh-Zahir area), a series of diabasic intrusives have intruded into the Eocene andesitic lava flows and pyroclastic rocks. These plutons occur as irregular shaped bodies (up to 8 m in diameter) and dikes (up to 4 m in thicknesses). They show ophitic, sub-ophitic, and porphyritic textures and their major minerals include plagioclase (bytownite), and clinopyroxene (diopside), with titanomagnetite as secondary mineral. Based on The petrographic characteristics, presence of the enclaves and chemical variations from core to rims of the pyroxenes and plagioclases suggest that the parent magmas probably tolerated magma mixing processes. Geothermobarometric studies on the clinopyroxenes indicate a temperature range of 1050-1200^oC and pressures of more than 2 kbar. Accordingly, beginning of the clinopyroxenes crystallization  can be considered approximately at the depth of 20 Km, i.e. in the middle crust. Furthermore, these evidences show that the oxygen fugacity was low and water vapor pressure was less than 10 kb during the crystallization of clinopyroxenes in the diabase rocks. Based on the chemical compositions of the clinopyroxenes, the primary magmas for these rocks had been calc-alkaline in nature and formed in a volcanic arc setting.

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Champeh salt dome is located in the north of Bandar Lengeh (Hormozgan Province). This dome has penetrated into the Champeh anticline with sequences from the formations in as ending order of Pabdeh, Jahrom, Asmari, Gachsaran, Mishan and Aghajari. The compositions of volcanic rocks inside this dome are different ranging from rhyolite to basalt and are accompanied by granodiorite rocks. The study of mineral chemistry in granodiorite rocks shows that the amphiboles are located in the calicic group and subgroup of ferrohornblende. The plagioclase of these rocks is albite and alkali feldspar is an orthoclase. Barometric measurement, based on the amount of Al in Amphiboles, shows the amphibole crystallization pressure as 1.54 kbar. Thermometry, shows based on the coexistence of hornblende and plagioclase minerals in granodiorite rocks, the crystallization temperature ranging between 684 °C to 811 °C. The amount of calculated oxygen fugacity for these amphiboles is about -17.08, which shows the conditions of the oxidant environment at crystallization. Based on the whole rock geochemistry, the composition of igneous rocks changes from mafic to acidic, corresponding to that the nature of their magma as calc-alkaline. In the normalized multi-elemental of chondrite and primary mantle diagrams, in most samples LREE enrichment is observed in comparison to HREE and depletion of Ti, P, Ta and Nb, which is characteristic of volcanic arc of the subduction region and in different tectonic diagrams, they represent the active continental margin environment. The result of U-Pb zircon dating of granodiorite is 549.2±4.8 Ma (Late Neoprotrozoic time).

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Migmatites have formed an important part of high-grade metamorphism in the Boroujerd area aureole. Leucosome of migmatites are mainly composed of plagioclase, quartz, potassium feldspar and biotite. Migmatites mesosome are mainly composed of plagioclase, quartz, potassium feldspar, biotite, garnet, andalusite, sillimanite, spinel, corundum and cordierite. Geochemical studies of migmatites show that composition of old meta-sedimentary rocks (source of migmatites) are shale and pelitic. Discrimination diagrams indicate an active continental margin tectonic setting for the source of Boroujerd migmatites. Sources of Boroujerd migmatites are intermediate and felsic igneous rocks (andesite –dasite and ryodacite) based on geochemistry of immobile elements. Field observations, microscope and geochemical data show that the migmatites are composed of the metaplites partial melting. Decreasing and increasing trace and rare earth elements in the metaelites and migmatites were resulted of stability or instability in the metamorphic minerals during peak of the metamorphism, which caused migmatization. Based on the partition coefficients of elements in different minerals, light rare earth elements and high rare earth elements (LREE, HREE) were mostly controlled by garnet and apatite (but not a lot) during the partial melting of the metaelites. Related to the LREE, heavy rare earth elements (HREE) and Y were controlled by garnet. Elements with high field strength (HFSE), such as Zr, Nb, Ta and Th were controlled and distributed by biotite and ilmenite. Large ionic lithophile elements (LILE) such as Sr, Ba and Rb showed that plagioclase and biotite are the main minerals that control and distribution the elements. Based on the P–T pseudosection, Crd+Kfs+Spl+Crn minerals paragenesis, the maximum temperature and pressure for metamorphism estimated approximately 750 ° C and 2.7 kbar respectively. Therefore, the intrusion of mafic intrusions in the metapelite caused the formation of pelitic hornfels and partial melting derived migmatites.