Volume 29, Issue 1 (3-2021)
www.ijcm.ir 2021, 29(1): 35-48 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Salehi Tinooni, Abedini, Calagari. Investigation of mineralization, alteration, and fluid inclusions of the Takht-e-Gonbad copper deposit (northeast of Sirjan, SE Iran). www.ijcm.ir 2021; 29 (1) :35-48
URL: http://ijcm.ir/article-1-1584-en.html
URL: http://ijcm.ir/article-1-1584-en.html
1- Geological Survey of Iran, Administration of Southeast, Kerman, Iran
2- Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
3- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
2- Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
3- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
Abstract: (1448 Views)
The Takht-e-Gonbad copper mineralization is located about 63 km of northeast of Sirjan city. Hypogene mineralization occurred as stockwork vein-veinlets and thick quartz veins hosted by Oligo-Miocene micro-granodiorite body and Eocene pyroclastic materials (mainly tuff with intermediate composition). The stockwork vein-veinlets contain three generations of mineralization, (1) quartz + magnetite ± chalcopyrite, (2) quartz + chalcopyrite + pyrite + magnetite, and (3) quartz + pyrite + chalcopyrite. Phyllic alteration was mainly developed in the wall rocks around the stockwork quartz vein-veinlets. The supergene mineralization in this deposit is characterized by the replacement of ferrous sulfides by hematite and goethite. Also, formation of the malachite, azurite, and native copper during destruction of the hypogene iron and copper sulfides occurred under oxidizing conditions. The study of the fluids inclusion in quartz crystals of the stockwork vein-veinlets showed that they are chiefly of L+V+S, L+V and V+L types having temperature and salinity ranges of 140-450°C and 0.35-57.8 wt% NaCl eq., respectively. The solid phases are halite, sylvite, and opaque minerals. The studied fluids inclusion in the thick quartz veins are of L+V type having temperature and salinity within the range of 207-344°C and 0.35-3.39 wt% NaCl eq., respectively. Based on microthermometric data, the boiling of the magmatic fluids was the effective factor of the ore and gangue minerals deposition in the stockwork vein-veinlets. Also, cooling and mixing of the atmospheric fluids with magmatic ones account for the deposition of the minerals in the thick quartz veins. In general, the obtained data in this research revealed that the development and evolution trend of the hydrothermal system in the Takht-e-Gonbad is mostly similar to that of the porphyry copper system.
Keywords: Takht-e-Gonbad, Kerman copper belt, mineralization, alteration, fluid inclusion, porphyry copper.
References
1. [1] Shafiei B., "Two distinct occurrences in Palaeogene magmatic of Cenozoic magmatic arc of the Kerman: Geochemical characteristics and rock-forming processes", Journal of Sciences, University of Tehran 36 (2010) 137-156 (in Persian).
2. [2] Naimi- Ghasabian N., Khatib M. M., Nazari H., Heyhat M. R., "Present- day tectonic regime and stress patterns from the formal inversion of focal mechanism data, in the North of Central- East Iran blocks", Journal of African Erath Sciences 111 (2015) 113-126. [DOI:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2015.07.018]
3. [3] Stocklin J., "Structural history and tectonic of Iran: A review", American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin USA 52 (1968) 1229-1258. [DOI:10.1306/5D25C4A5-16C1-11D7-8645000102C1865D]
4. [4] Dimitrijevic M. D., "1:100000 geological map of the Chahar Gonbad", Geological Survey of Iran (1973).
5. [5] Atapour H., Aftabi A., "Geochemistry and metallogeny of calc-alkaline, shoshonitic and adakitic igneous rocks associated with porphyry Cu-Mo and vein type deposits of Dehaj-Sarduieh volcano-plutonic belt, Kerman", Geosciences 18 (2009) 161-172.
6. [6] Behpour S., Moradian A., Ahmadipour H., "Application of amphibole and plagioclas mineral chemistry for studing of Jebal-E-Barez granitoid genesis and geothermobarometry (Kerman province, Bam)", Iranian Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy 26 (2018) 751- 766. [DOI:10.29252/ijcm.26.3.751]
7. [7] Salehinejad H., Ahmadipour H., Moeinzadeh H., Moradian A., "Using mineral chemistry for determination of crystalization conditions and tectonic setting of diabasic intrusive rocks from Deh-Zahir area (west of rafsanjan)", Iranian Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy 27 (2019) 809-820. [DOI:10.29252/ijcm.27.4.809]
8. [8] Aghanabati S.A., "Geology of Iran", Geological Survey of Iran (2004) 1-606 (in Persian).
9. [9] Ahmadi S., Tahmasbi Z., Ahmadi Khalaji A., Zal F., "Mineral chemistry of tourmaline in Lalezar granite mass (Kerman province", Iranian Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy 26 (2019) 975-988. [DOI:10.29252/ijcm.26.4.975]
10. [10] Salehi Tinooni M., Abedini A., Calagari A. A., "Investigation of mineralization, REE geochemistry, and fluid inclusions studies of the Shalang vein-type pollymetalic ore deposit, south of Kerman", Iranian Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy 274 (2019) 767-780. [DOI:10.29252/ijcm.27.4.767]
11. [11] Nedimovic R.,"Exploration for ore deposits in Kerman Region", Geological Survey of Iran, Report No.53 (1973) 1-274.
12. [12] Ghorbani M., "The economic geology in Iran: Mineral deposits and natural resources", Springer Science Business Media, Dordrecht (2013) 1-581. [DOI:10.1007/978-94-007-5625-0_1]
13. [13] Mining Company of Zamin Pajouhan., quot, "Geological map of the Takht-e Gonbad copper deposit, Sirjan, scale 1:1000"", Internal Reports (2010) 1-180 (in Persian).
14. [14] Sirjan Takht-e-Gonbad Copper Company., "Report of geological map of the Takht-e-Gonbad district mine", (2010) 1-102 (in persian).
15. [15] Khan-Nazer N. H., "Geological map of the Chahar-Ghonbad (1:100000 scale)", Geological Survey of Iran (1994).
16. [16] Dimitrijevic M. D., "geological map of the Chahar Gonbad (1:100000 scale)", Geological Survey of Iran (1973).
17. [17] Fazlnia A., "Petrography and petrology of the Chahar-Ghonbad intrusive masses", MSc Thesis, University of Shahid Bahonar, Kerman, Iran (2000) 1-180 (in Persian).
18. [18] Anssary A. H., Sheikh Zakariaii S. J., Dargahi S., Arvin M., "Petrology and Geochemical properties of the Granitoid Complex of the Chahar-Gonbad, Southeast Iran", Open Journal of Geology 7 (2017) 847-858. [DOI:10.4236/ojg.2017.76058]
19. [19] Whitney D. W., Evans B. W., "Abbreviations for names of rock forming minerals", American Mineralogist 95 (2010) 185-187. [DOI:10.2138/am.2010.3371]
20. [20] Shahabpour J., "Economic Geology", Publications of Shahid Bahonar University of the Kerman (2005) 1-544 (in Persian).
21. [21] Watanabe Y., Sato R., Sulaksono A., "Role of potassic alteration for porphyry cu mineralization: Implication for the absence of porphyry Cu deposits in Japan", Resource Geology 68 (2018) 195-207. [DOI:10.1111/rge.12165]
22. [22] Hosseini M., Ghaderi M., Alirezaei S., "Types of vein-veinlet systems and their relationship with mineralization in the Takht-e-Gonbad ore deposit, northeast of Sirjan", 15th Symposium of Iranian Geological Association, Teacher Training University of Tehran (2011).
23. [23] Sillitoe R. H., "Porphyry copper systems", Economic Geology 105 (2010) 3-41. [DOI:10.2113/gsecongeo.105.1.3]
24. [24] Gustafson L. B., Hunt J. P., "The porphyry copper deposit at El Salvador, Chile", Economic Geology 70 (1975) 857-912. [DOI:10.2113/gsecongeo.70.5.857]
25. [25] Robb L. J., "Introduction to ore-forming processes", Blackwell Publishing (2005) 1-373.
26. [26] Seedorff E., Dilles J. H., Proffett J. M., Einaudi M. T., Zurcher L., Stavast W. J. A., Johnson D.A., Barton M.nD.,"Porphyry deposits: Characteristics and origin of hypogene features", Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume (2005) 251-298. [DOI:10.5382/AV100.10]
27. [27] U. S. Geological Survey., "Preliminary model of porphyry copper deposits", Open File Report 1321 (2008) 1-62.
28. [28] Pirajno F., "Hydrothermal processes and mineral systems", Springer (2009) 1-1243. [DOI:10.1007/978-1-4020-8613-7_1]
29. [29] Wilkinson J. J., "Fluid inclusion in hydrothermal ore deposits", Lithos 55 (2001) 229-272. [DOI:10.1016/S0024-4937(00)00047-5]
30. [30] Shapherd T. J., Rankin A. H., Alderton D. H. M., "A practical guide to fluid inclusion studies", Blackie, Glasgow (1985) 1-239.
31. [31] Roedder E., Bodnar R. J., "Geologic pressure determinations from fluid inclusions studies", Earth and Planetary Science Letters 8 (1980) 263-301. [DOI:10.1146/annurev.ea.08.050180.001403]
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
